Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Thyroid
Hashimoto Thyroiditis and Mortality in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The National Epidemiologic Survey of Thyroid Cancer in Korea and Meta-Analysis: Injung Yang, Jae Myung Yu, Hye Soo Chung, Yoon Jung Kim, Yong Kyun Roh, Min Kyu Choi, Sung-ho Park, Young Joo Park, Shinje Moon; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):140-151. Published online January 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1748

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Many studies have shown that Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) acts as a protective factor in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), but little is known about its effects on mortality. Therefore, this study was performed to reveal the prognosis of HT on mortality in patients with DTC.
Methods
This study included two types of research results: retrospective cohort study using the National Epidemiologic Survey of Thyroid cancer (NEST) in Korea and meta-analysis study with the NEST data and eight selected studies.
Results
Of the 4,398 patients with DTC in NEST, 341 patients (7.8%) died during the median follow-up period of 15 years (interquartile range, 12.3 to 15.6). Of these, 91 deaths (2.1%) were related to DTC. HT was associated with a smaller tumor size and less aggressive DTC. In Cox regression analysis after adjusting for age and sex, patients with HT showed a significantly lower risk of all-cause death (hazard ratio [HR], 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52 to 0.96) and DTC-related death (HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.77). The analysis with inverse probability of treatment weight data adjusted for age, sex, and year of thyroid cancer registration showed similar association. The meta-analysis showed that patients with HT showed a lower risk of all-cause mortality (risk ratio [RR], 0.24; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.47) and thyroid cancer-related mortality (RR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.40) in comparison with patients without HT.
Conclusion
This study showed that DTC co-presenting with HT is associated with a low risk of advanced DTC and presents a low risk for all-cause and DTC-related death.

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Efficacy and Safety of the New Appetite Suppressant, Liraglutide: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials: Shinje Moon, Jibeom Lee, Hye Soo Chung, Yoon Jung Kim, Jae Myung Yu, Sung Hoon Yu, Chang-Myung Oh; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):647-660. Published online June 18, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.934

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Obesity is a chronic disease associated with metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved liraglutide as an anti-obesity drug for nondiabetic patients in 2014, it has been widely used for weight control in overweight and obese people. This study aimed to systematically analyze the effects of liraglutide on body weight and other cardiometabolic parameters.
Methods
We investigated articles from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to search randomized clinical trials that examined body weight changes with liraglutide treatment.
Results
We included 31 studies with 8,060 participants for this meta-analysis. The mean difference (MD) between the liraglutide group and the placebo group was −4.19 kg (95% confidence interval [CI], −4.84 to −3.55), with a −4.16% change from the baseline (95% CI, −4.90 to −3.43). Liraglutide treatment correlated with a significantly reduced body mass index (MD: −1.55; 95% CI, −1.76 to −1.34) and waist circumference (MD: −3.11 cm; 95% CI, −3.59 to −2.62) and significantly decreased blood pressure (systolic blood pressure, MD: −2.85 mm Hg; 95% CI, −3.36 to −2.35; diastolic blood pressure, MD: −0.66 mm Hg; 95% CI, −1.02 to −0.30), glycated hemoglobin (MD: −0.40%; 95% CI, −0.49 to −0.31), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD: –2.91 mg/dL; 95% CI, −5.28 to −0.53; MD: −0.87% change from baseline; 95% CI, −1.17 to −0.56).
Conclusion
Liraglutide is effective for weight control and can be a promising drug for cardiovascular protection in overweight and obese people.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Pharmacotherapy for obesity: moving towards efficacy improvement
Walmir Coutinho, Bruno Halpern
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Physiopathology and Treatment of Obesity and Overweight: A Proposal for a New Anorectic
Bruno Silvestrini, Mauro Silvestrini, Mayank Choubey
Journal of Obesity.2024; 2024: 1. CrossRef
Side effect profile of pharmacologic therapies for liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Yilin Li, Rong Lei, Honglin Lei, Qin Xiong, Fengjiao Xie, Chengjiao Yao, Peimin Feng
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2023; 35(1): 1. CrossRef
Recommendations for the prevention and management of obesity in the Iraqi population
Hussein Ali Nwayyir, Esraa Majid Mutasher, Osama Mohammed Alabid, Muthana Abdulrazzaq Jabbar, Wefak Hasan Abdulraheem Al-Kawaz, Haider Ayad Alidrisi, Majid Alabbood, Muhammed Chabek, Munib AlZubaidi, Lujain Anwar Al-khazrajy, Ibtihal Shukri Abd Alhaleem,
Postgraduate Medicine.2023; 135(5): 425. CrossRef
A Comprehensive Review on Weight Loss Associated with Anti-Diabetic Medications
Fatma Haddad, Ghadeer Dokmak, Maryam Bader, Rafik Karaman
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Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, in individuals with obesity in clinical practice
Juyoung Shin, Raeun Kim, Hun-Sung Kim
Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy.2023; 5(2): 49. CrossRef
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Pejman Rohani, Nasser Malekpour Alamdari, Seyedeh Elaheh Bagheri, Azita Hekmatdoost, Mohammad Hassan Sohouli
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Hao Gou, Yiman Zhai, Junjun Guo
European Journal of Pediatrics.2023; 182(11): 5095. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: a meta-analysis
Ping Zhong, Hai Zeng, Miaochun Huang, Wenbin Fu, Zhixia Chen
Endocrine.2022; 75(3): 718. CrossRef
Pharmacological profile of once-weekly injectable semaglutide for chronic weight management
David C. W. Lau, Rachel L Batterham, Carel W. le Roux
Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology.2022; 15(3): 251. CrossRef
Pharmacological Management of Obesity: A Century of Expert Opinions in Cecil Textbook of Medicine
Peter Manu, Cristina-Mihaela Lăcătuşu, Liliana M. Rogozea, Simona Cernea
American Journal of Therapeutics.2022; 29(4): e410. CrossRef
GLP-1 agonists: superior for mind and body in antipsychotic-treated patients?
Katerina Horska, Jana Ruda-Kucerova, Silje Skrede
Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.2022; 33(9): 628. CrossRef
Targeting skeletal muscle mitochondrial health in obesity
Chantal A. Pileggi, Breana G. Hooks, Ruth McPherson, Robert R.M. Dent, Mary-Ellen Harper
Clinical Science.2022; 136(14): 1081. CrossRef
A Study on Weight Loss Cause as per the Side Effect of Liraglutide
Jin Yu, Jeongmin Lee, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae-Hyung Cho, Hun-Sung Kim, Heng Zhou
Cardiovascular Therapeutics.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef

Thyroid Dysfunction of North Korean Women Living in South Korea, Focusing on Subclinical Hypothyroidism.: Joo Hyung Kim, Sol Ah Park, Nam Hoon Kim, Jae Hee Ahn, Yoon Jung Kim, Myongjin Cho, Yoon Jung Lee, Hye Jin Yoo, Hee Young Kim, Ji A Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi, Sin Gon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(3):200-207. Published online September 19, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.3.200

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Thyroid function depends on ethnic and environmental factors. North Korean refugees have the same genetic background as South Koreans, but they have been exposed to different environments. This study examines the prevalence and pattern of thyroid disorders in North Korean women living in South Korea, focusing on subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). METHODS: The intended sample was a total of 327 North Korean women residing in Seoul. Health questionnaires and medical examinations, including serum thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH), free thyroxine, and thyroid autoantibodies, were conducted. RESULTS: The prevalence of SCH was 9.4%. In logistic regression analysis, smoking, menopause, length of stay in South Korea, body mass index, history of thyroid disease, and metabolic syndrome were not associated with the risk of SCH. Whereas, the positivity of autoantibodies were associated with a high risk for SCH (odds ratio [OR], 4.840; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80-13.017; P = 0.002), and age was associated with a low risk for SCH (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.888-0.994; P = 0.031). The serum TSH levels also decreased with increasing age, and in particular, there was significant difference between 30-39 years, and over 60 years (2.33 +/- 1.51 microIU/mL vs. 1.54 +/- 0.73 microIU/mL, P = 0.028). CONCLUSION: In North Korean women, the positivity of autoantibodies was associated with a high risk for SCH. But interestingly, a younger age was associated with a high risk for SCH. Considering that they suffered from severe famine at the period of growth, and this led to malnutrition, their thyroid dysfunction might be associated with the peculiar environment that they experienced.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Systematic review of evidence on public health in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
John J Park, Ah-Young Lim, Hyung-Soon Ahn, Andrew I Kim, Soyoung Choi, David HW Oh, Owen Lee-Park, Sharon Y Kim, Sun Jae Jung, Jesse B Bump, Rifat Atun, Hee Young Shin, Kee B Park
BMJ Global Health.2019; 4(2): e001133. CrossRef
Environmental Factors and Thyroid Dysfunction
Hyun-Kyung Chung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2012; 27(3): 191. CrossRef

Case Reports

Ectopic ACTH Syndrome with Bilateral Pheochromocytoma in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2A.: Ji Mi Moon, Yoon Jung Kim, Young Jin Seo, Hye Yoon Choi, Joo Hyong Kim, Ju Ri Park, Yun Jeong Lee, Hee Young Kim, Sin Gon Kim, Dong Seop Choi; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2009;24(4):265-271. Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2009.24.4.265

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Abstract PDF

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A) is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by the presence of medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and hyperparathyroidism. MEN 2A arises due to a germline missense mutation of the RET proto-oncogene. Specific RET mutation analysis has revolutionized the diagnosis and therapy of this disorder, and early thyroidectomy may have lowered the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases. Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) syndrome is characterized by hypercortisolism due to the hypersecretion of ACTH outside of the pituitary gland; the most common causes are malignancies, but rarely adrenal pheochromocytoma may be the cause.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Pheochromocytoma With High Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Production Capacity Without Pigmentation and Cushingoid Symptoms: A Case Report With a Literature Review
Gen Mizutani, Masashi Isshiki, Eisuke Shimizu, Daigo Saito, Akira Shimada
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Ectopic ACTH- and/or CRH-Producing Pheochromocytomas
Patrick F Elliott, Thomas Berhane, Oskar Ragnarsson, Henrik Falhammar
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2021; 106(2): 598. CrossRef
Severe Cushing Syndrome Due to an ACTH-Producing Pheochromocytoma: A Case Presentation and Review of the Literature
Jenan N Gabi, Maali M Milhem, Yara E Tovar, Emhemmid S Karem, Alaa Y Gabi, Rodhan A Khthir
Journal of the Endocrine Society.2018; 2(7): 621. CrossRef
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing pheochromocytoma presented as Cushing syndrome and complicated by invasive aspergillosis
Jae Ho Cho, Da Eun Jeong, Jae Young Lee, Jong Geol Jang, Jun Sung Moon, Mi Jin Kim, Ji Sung Yoon, Kyu Chang Won, Hyoung Woo Lee
Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine.2015; 32(2): 132. CrossRef

A Case of Recurrent Ectopic Parathyroid Adenoma Developed 22 Years after the Initial Parathyroidectomy.: Yoon Jung Kim, Ji A Seo, Ji Mi Moon, Young Jin Seo, Hae Yoon Choi, Hye Sook Kim, Sin Gon Kim, Kyeung mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi, Nan Hee Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2009;24(4):260-264. Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2009.24.4.260

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Abstract PDF: Persistent or recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism after initial parathyroid surgery occurs at rates of 1.5~10%. A single missed parathyroid adenoma accounts for the majority of persistent hyperparathyroidism, whereas metachronous parathyroid adenoma is a rare cause of recurrent hypercalcemia. We report a case of a 39-year-old female who presented with recurrent pancreatitis. She had symptoms of hyperparathyroidism such as hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, and osteoporosis. She had a 2-cm firm neck mass under the right submandibular area. She was diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism 22 years ago. At that time, the right upper and lower parathyroid glands were removed after exploration of all parathyroid glands, and a right upper parathyroid adenoma was diagnosed. Now, she had a second surgery to remove the right submandibular mass with intraoperative PTH monitoring, which was diagnosed as a parathyroid adenoma in an ectopic supernumerary parathyroid gland. Because of hungry bone syndrome, she received calcium carbonate replacement therapy and has no evidence of recurrence. Here, we report a recurrent parathyroid adenoma in the undescended, supernumerary parathyroid gland after a long interval from the initial surgery.

Original Article

One Family of Familial Combined hyperlipidemia Associated with Various Metabolic Abnormalities.: Kwan Woo Lee, Sung Kyu Lee, Yun Suk Chung, Hyun Man Kim, Yoon Jung Kim, Eun Kyung Hong, Bong Nam Chae, Ji Won Park; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1999;14(2):418-424. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: Familial combined hyperlipidemia is one af the manogenic disorders frequently found in humans and is seen in 0.5~2% of the general populatian, accounting for at least 10% of persons with pemature atlmmcletusis. The distinguishing feature of familial combined hyperlipidemia, in camparison with other single-gene abnarmalities of lipoprotein metabolism, is that not all affected members have the same plasma lipid phenotype; some individuals have an elevation of cholesterol concentration alane(type IIa lipoprotein pattern), while some athers have an elevation of triglyceride concentration alone(type IV pattem), and still others have elevations of both values(type IIb pattem). In any one persan, the lipid phenotype can change as a result of dietary or drug treatment. Familial combined hyperlipidemia should be suspected in those subjects with moderate hypertriglyceridemia and/or moderate hypercholestaolemia (lipoprotein types IIa, Ilb, IV), especially when premature coronary heart disease is evident in the family histary. Low plasma HDL-cholesterol, obesity, insulin resistance and hyperuricemia are often . Family members affected by familial combined hyperlipidemia should be identified and be treated, since tbe condition is associated with premature caronary heart diasease. We have found one family of familial combined hyperlipidemia with one member(case 1) associated with insulin resistance, hyperuricemia and gout, and another member(case 2) associated with diabetes mellitus and infertiTity.

Case Report

A Case of Acromegaly First Diagnosed in Pregnancy.: Jinny Suh, Hyun Kyung Cho, Yoon Jung Kim, Eun Gyoung Hong, Bong Nam Chae, Seong Kyu Lee, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Kyung Joo Hwang, Hyeon Man Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1999;14(1):148-152. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: Pregnancy in acromegaly is very rare. Amenorrhea and infertility are common manifestations in acromegaly. The pregnancy may be influenced by acromegaly in many ways and pregnancy itself may influence the course of a pituitary tumor. We report of a case of pregnancy in a woman who was diagnosed with acromegaly during the course of pregnancy. Her pregnancy was uneventful and she delivered a healthy baby at 38 weeks by cesarean section. No treatment was undertaken during the pregnancy and transsphenoidal surgery was performed after the delivery.

Original Article

Plasma Leptin, Insulin Resistance, and Obesity Index of Type 2 Diabetics and Normal Subjects among Koreans.: Seong Kyu Lee, Hye Lim Noh, Yoon Jung Oh, Yoon Jung Kim, Eun Gyoung Hong, Bong Nam Chae, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Hyeon Man Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1999;14(1):122-133. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Leptin has been reported to be correlated with the amount of adipose tissue in humans. The plasma leptin concentrations were not different between diabetics and non-diabetics in Mexican-Americans; however, the leptin might stimulate or diminish insulin secretion and induce insulin resistance. Then, it can be postulated that leptin may one of the key factors in the development of insulin resistance. Therefore we were to note any differences in FPL (fasting plasma leptin levels) between diabetics and normal subjects, and to investigate variables such as PBF (percentage body fat), BMI (body mass index), FPI (fasting plasma insulin) to determine their effects on the variation of FPL. We also were to investigate whether FPL influenced the GUR (glucose utilization rate). METHODS: The subjects were 116 type 2 diabetics and 45 normal subjects in Korean. PBF, BMI, WHR (waist hip ratio) were measured. Fasting plasma insulin and leptin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Euglycemic and/or hyperglycemic clamp tests were performed in 19 diabetics and 16 normal subjects. RESULTS: 1. There was no difference in FPL between diabetics and normal subjects. 2. A significant difference was found in FPL between female and male subjects. 3. Gender and body composition such as PBF, BMI contributed plasma leptin levels. 4. FPL was associated with GUR (Insulin resiatance) only in male subjects. 5. During 2h clamp tests, the acute increments of insulin or glucose did not change the leptin levels. CONCLUSION: These data suggested that there was no difference in FPL between diabetics and normal subjects, whereas gender, body composition such as PBF, BMI contributed leptin levels.

Case Report

A Case of Methimazole Induced Agranulocytosis Complicated with Deep Neck Abscess.: Kwan Woo Lee, Sung Kyu Lee, Yun Suk Chung, Hyun Man Kim, Yoon Jung Kim, Eun Kyung Hong, Bong Nam Chae, Jin Ho Lee, Chang Young Ha, Joon Sung Park; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1998;13(4):617-621. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: The thiourea derivatives, propylthiouracil and methimazole are in widespread use for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. The untoward side effects of these drugs are not infrequent and agranulocytosis is the most serious side effect them. We observed one case of methimazole induced agranulocytosis complicated by deep neck abscess. A 54-year-old woman was admitted because of fever, chilling and sore throat for 1 week. The symptom was developed after receiving methimazole 30mg daily day due to hyperthyroidism during last 3 months. Physical examination revealed hyperemic, enlarged tonsils and tender swelling of the right lower neck The peripheral blood total leukoeyte count was 1,500/mm' (absolute neutrophil count, ANC 9) and a peripheral blood smear revealed few neutrophil. The patient was administered G-CSF 2 mg/kg daily, and on the fifth day of hospitalization, fever subsided and ANC increased to 3,431. On the 11th day, fever developed again and the tenderness and swelling in both lower neck area were aggrevated. Computed tomography of the neck was performed, and revealed a large deep neck abscess. After pus aspiration and antibiotics therapy, the neck abscess was disappeared.

Original Articles

Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxitity as a Prognostic Indicator in the Medical Treatment of Graves' Disease.: Kwan Woo Lee, Young Goo Shin, Hye Rim Ro, Sung Kyu Lee, Yun Suk Chung, Hyun Man Kim, Yoon Jung Kim, Eun Kyung Hong, Bong Nam Chae; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1998;13(4):554-562. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The several forms of treatment of Graves disease-thyroidectomy, antithyroid drugs and radioiodide therapy-are in wide use now. But which therapy is best is a matter of debate. Some authors reported that in patients who underwent thyroidectomy, higher titers of serum antimicrosomal antibody were associated with 1) higher formation rates of germinal centers, 2) more lymphocyte infiltration in the thyroid tissue, 3) higher incidence of hypothyroidism, and 4) lower incidence of recurrence. We were interested in the relationship of thyroid autoantibody titers, ADCC(antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) activity and the clinical response to antithyroid medication. METHODS: We measured ADCC activities from patients in Graves disease(n-48), Hashimoto thyroiditis(n=17) and normal control(n=9). The patients of Graves disease were followed up for more than 1 year, and they were grouped into A(n=17, well responsed group to antithyroid medication) and B(n=31, poorly responsed group). We examined ADCC activities of patients' sera by chromium release assay. RESULTS: 1) Mean age of patients with Graves disease was 34.4210.4 years and 15 patients were male(31%). 2) Results of thyroid function tests of the Graves' patients were T 585.9 +/- 255.3 ng/dL, T4 21.3 +/- 12.2 mg/dL, TSH 0.11 +/- 0.06mIU/mL. Concentrations of antimicrosomal antibody, antithyroglobulin antibody and thyrotropin binding inhibitory immunoglobulin were 1279.1 +/- 1486.7 IU/mL, 488.1 +/- 751.1 IU/mL, and 38.5 +/- 33.4U/L respectively. 3) There was no significant difference between levels of thyroid hormones or concentrations of thyroid autoantibodies and ADCC activities in graves patients. 4) The ADCC activity of the Graves patient group(24.49%) was significantly higher than that of the normal control group(3.76%), and significantly lower than that of the Hashimotos thyroiditis group(36.34%). 5) There was no significant difference in ADCC activity between group A(18.24 +/- 13.44%) and B(27.91 +20.02%). CONCLUSION: From this results, we suggested that ADCC activity seems to be no value as a prognostic factor in predicting the response to antithyroid drugs in Graves disease patients. But, further studies, larger number of patients and long-term follow up, are needed.

Impaired Glucose Tolerance Associated with Klinefalter Syndrome.: Kwan Woo Lee, Choong Keun Cha, Chul Uhm, Oh Young Kwon, Sung Kyu Lee, Yun Suk Chung, Hyun Man Kim, Yoon Jung Kim, Eun Kyung Hong, Bong Nam Chae; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1998;13(3):495-500. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: Klinefelter syndrome is one of the most common forms of primary hypogonadism and infertility in males. It is a clinical syndrome consisting of gynecomastia, azoospermia, and increased urinary excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone. Fequency of diabetes mellitus, emphysema, asthma, breast cancer increase in Klinefelter syndrome. We report a 16-year-old male patient with impaired glucose tolerance in association with Klinefelter syndrome, which was confirmed by chromosome analysis. The mechanism of impaired glucose tolerance in this patient was peripheral insulin resistance which clarified by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp test.

Case Reports

A Case with Multifocal Langerhans Cell Granulomatosis Involving the Thyroid Gland.: Kwan Woo Lee, Chul Kwon Chung, Sung Chul Hwang, Hyun Hee Yim, So Yun Park, Sung Kyu Lee, Yun Suk Chung, Hyun Man Kim, Yoon Jung Kim, Eun Kyung Hong, Bong Nam Chae; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1998;13(3):466-472. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: Langerhans cell granulomatosis(LCG), previously termed 'Histiocytosis-X', is one of the rare disease. LCG is characterized by proliferation of Langerhans cells in a unifocal or multifocal pattern. And LCG may be manifested in a variety of way, ranging from a spontaneously regressing solitary lesion to a multisystem life-threatening disorder. This disease usually involves the bone, lung, skin and lymph node. The most common endocrinologic abnormalities in LCG are diabetes insipidus and growth hormone deficiency. LCG involving the thyroid gland is extremely rare and only a small numbers of cases have been reported worldwide. A 41-year-old diabetic female visited the hospital due to the neck swelling for 3 months and she also complained of polyuria, polydipsia and easy fatigue. LCG involving multiple organs included thyroid gland was diagnosed by high-resolution CT of lung, by characteristic histological findings of the thyroid lesion and by the immunohistochemical staining for S-100 protein and OKT 6(CD la). She is followed at OPD without any medication.

Two Cases with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland.: Kwan Woo Lee, So Yun Park, Sung Kyu Lee, Yun Suk Chung, Hyun Man Kim, Yun Mi JIn, Yoon Jung Kim, Eun Kyung Hong, Bong Nam Chae, Ho Young Lim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1998;13(3):446-452. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid is rare, presenting much less than one percent of all primary thyroid malignancies. Most cases have been reported in elderly patients with a history of goiter. It is necessary to differentiate between primary squamous cell carcinoma and secondary involvement from other sites. Secondary involvement of the thyroid may be more amenable to palliation or cure. The treatment of choice in primary squamous cell carcinoma is radical surgery in resectable cases, but the squamous cell carcinoma behaves aggressively and carries a uniformly poor prognosis regardless of the treatment. We had an experience of a primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid in two elderly patients. These patients presented a typical feature of a primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid, which has been rarely reported in Korea.

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